Author: Kenichi Ohno, I Ohno, W.G. Hwang.

Throughout the twentieth century, Africa was stigmatized with all the negative symbols of underdevelopment, such as poverty, ill health, corruption, confl icts, and disorder. As its underdevelopment continued in spite of a massive transfer of aid starting from the 1960s, the Western world has shown signs of fatigue since the mid-1980s. Ironically, since the mid-1990s, the African economy has started to revive amid the Western negligence. With the dawn of the new millennium, Africa was in general on the vigorous rise toward development.